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The Kabul Shahi〔as in: Rajatarangini, IV, 140-43, Kalahana.〕〔as in inscriptions: See: Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, 1972, p 111, Yogendra Mishra.〕 also called Shahiya〔as in: Tarikh-al-Hind, trans. E. C. Sachau, 1888/1910, vol ii, pp 10, Abu Rihan Alberuni; Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: ''The Forgotten City of Gandhara'', p. 1. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.〕〔''Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006''. ("Shahi Family" ).〕〔Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: ''The Forgotten City of Gandhara'', p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.〕 dynasties ruled one of the Middle kingdoms of India which included portions of the Kabulistan and the old province of Gandhara (now in northern Pakistan), from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century.〔 The kingdom was known as Kabul Shahi (''Kabul-shāhān'' or ''Ratbél-shāhān'' in Persian کابلشاهان یا رتبیل شاهان) between 565 and 879〔Kohzad, Ahmad Ali, "Kabul Shāhāni Berahmanī", 1944, Kabul〕 when they had Kapisa and Kabul as their capitals, and later as Hindu Shahi.〔 The Shahis of Kabul/Gandhara are generally divided into the two eras of the "Buddhist Shahis" and the "Hindu Shahis", with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. == Turkic origin == Xuanzang describes the ruler of Kapisa/Kabul, whom he had personally met, as a devout Buddhist and a Kshatriya. The accounts of the 11th-century Persian Muslim scholar Alberuni, ("which bear the impress of folklore for the early history of the Kabul Shahi rulers")〔The Pathans, 1958, p 108, 109, Olaf Caroe.〕 state: * the Hindu kings residing in Kabul were Turks * said to be of Tibetan origin * that the first of them was a Barahatakin (founder of the dynasty), who came (from Tibet) into the country (Kabul), entered a cave and after a few days, started to creep out of it in the presence of people who looked upon him as a "new born baby", clothed in Turkish dress. People honoured him as a being of miraculous birth, destined to be a king. And he brought those countries under his sway and ruled under the title "Shahiya of Kabul" * the rule remained among his descendants for about sixty generations, till it was supplanted by a Hindu minister and * in this series of his descendant rulers, one was Kanik (Kanishaka?) who is said to have built Vihara in Purushapura, which is called Kanika Caitya.〔Abu Rihan Alberuni ''Tarikh-al-Hind'', trans. E. C. Sachau, 1888/1910, vol ii, pp. 10–14.〕 Thus the folklore accounts recorded by Alberuni connect the earlier Shahis of Kabul/Kapisa to Turkish extraction and also claim their descent from Kanik (or Kanishaka of Kushana lineage). At the same time it is also claimed that 'their first king Barahatigin (Vrahitigin?) had originally come from Tibet and concealed in a narrow cave in Kabul area (and here is given a strange legend which we omit).' One can easily see the above account of Shahi origin as totally fanciful and fairy tale-like. These statements taken together are very confusing, inconsistent and bear the express marks of a folklore and vulgar tradition, hence unworthy of inspiring any confidence in the early history of Shahis. The allegation that the first dynasty of Kabul was Turki is plainly based on the vulgar tradition, which Alberuni himself remarked was clearly absurd. Based on Alberuni's accounts, V. A. Smith speculates that the earlier Shahis were a cadet branch of the Kushanas who ruled both over Kabul and Gandhara until the rise of the Saffarids. H. M. Elliot relates the early Kabul Shahis to the Kators and further connects the Kators with the Kushanas. Charles Frederick Oldham also traces the Kabul Shahi lineage to the Kators—whom he identifies with the Kathas or Takkhas—Naga worshipping collective groups of Hinduism (''Sun god-worshiping'') lineage. He further speaks of the Urasas, Abhisaras, Daradas, Gandharas, Kambojas, et al. as allied tribal groups of the Takkhas belonging to the ''Sun-worshiping'' races of the north-west frontier.〔Charles Frederick Oldham ''The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship'', 1905, pp. 113-126, — Serpent worship.〕〔Important Note: Urasa, Rajauri/Poonch and Abhisara were off-shoots of ancient Kamboja (see: ''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, p 133, 219/220, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; A History of India, p 269-71, N. R. Ray, N. K. Sinha; ''Journal of Indian History'', 1921, P 304, University of Allahabad, Department of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala).〕 D. B. Pandey traces the affinities of the early Kabul Shahis to the Hunas. The accounts recorded by Alberuni are indeed confusing, but other numerous accounts prove the Kshatriya Punjabi origins of the Shahi dynasty. Xuanzang clearly describes the ruler of Kapisa/Kabul, whom he had personally met, as a devout Buddhist and a Kshatriya and not a Tu-kiue/Tu-kue (Turk).〔Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya ''History of Mediaeval Hindu India'', 1979, p 200.〕 The fact that Xuanzang (AD 644) specifically describes the ruler of Kapisa as ''Ksatriya'',〔''Si-Yu-KI V1: Buddhist Records of the Western World'', Edition 2006, pp. 54-55, Hsuen Tsang; ''The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship'', 1905, p. 120, Charles Frederick Oldham – ''Serpent worship; The Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab'', 1973, p 17, Deena Bandhu Pandey; ''The History and Culture of the Indian People'', 1977, p 165, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar — India.〕 and that of Zabul at this time being known as Shahi〔Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar ''The History and Culture of the Indian People'', 1977, p. 165.〕 casts serious doubt about the speculated connections of the first Shahis of Kabul/Kapisa to the Kushanas or the Hephthalites. Neither the Kushanas nor the Hunas/Hephthalites nor the Turks (or Turushakas) have ever been designated or classified as Ksatriyas in any ancient Indian tradition. Therefore, the identification of the first line of Shahi kings of Kapisa/Kabul with the Kushanas, Hunas, or Turks obviously seems to be in gross error.〔''History of Mediaeval Hindu India'', 1979, p. 200, Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya — India.〕 It is very interesting that Alberuni calls the early Shahi rulers Turks, but this should be interpreted to mean Turkised rather than Turkic.〔"The view that Nepali Traditions apply name Kamboja Desha to Tibet is based on the statement made by Foucher (Ref: Étude sur l'Iconographie bouddhique de l'Inde, pp 134–135, A. Foucher) on the authority of Ranga Nath, Pandit to B. H. Hodgson. But it is also supported by two manuscripts (7768 & 7777 ) described in the Catalogue of Sanskrit and Prakrit Mss in the library of India Office, Vol II, Part II." (Refs: ''History of Bengal'', I, 191, Dr R. C. Majumdar; Dist. Gazetteer (), 1915, p 26; Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, Dr B. C. Sen, p 342, fn 1.)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kabul Shahi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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